The History And Evolution Of Saarc Politics Essay

The History And Evolution Of Saarc Politics Essay The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) comprises eight countries of South Asia, i.e. Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka. The idea of regional cooperation in South Asia was first mooted in May 1980 by Bangladesh President Ziaur Rahman. President Rahman addressed letters to the Heads of Government of the countries of South Asia, presenting his vision for the future of the region and the compelling arguments for regional cooperation in the context of evolving international realities. The Foreign Secretaries of seven countries in South Asia met for the first time in Colombo in April 1981 and identified five broad areas for regional cooperation. A series of meetings followed in Nepal (Kathmandu/November 1981), Pakistan (Islamabad/August, 1982), Bangladesh, India (Delhi/July 1983) to enhance regional cooperation. The next step of this process was the Foreign Ministers meeting in New Delhi in 1983 where they adopted the Declara tion on South Asian Regional Cooperation (SARC). During the next two years South Asian nations committed themselves to form this South Asian alliance and the process culminated in the First SAARC Summit held on 7-8 December in 1985 in Dhaka where the Heads of State or Government of seven countries, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka adopted the Charter formally establishing the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). It is an Association based on the consciousness that in an increasingly interdependent world, the objectives of peace, freedom, social justice and economic prosperity are best achieved in the South Asian region by fostering mutual understanding, good neighbourly relations and meaningful cooperation among the Member States which are bound by ties of history and culture The objectives and principles contained in the SAARC Charter are as follows: Objectives a) To promote the welfare of the peoples of South Asia and to improve their quality of life; b) To accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region and to provide all individuals the opportunity to live in dignity and to realise their full potential c) To promote and strengthen collective self-reliance among the countries of South Asia; d) To contribute to mutual trust, understanding and appreciation of one anothers problems; d) To promote active collaboration and mutual assistance in the economic, social, cultural, technical and scientific fields e) To strengthen cooperation with other developing countries; f) To strengthen cooperation among themselves in international forums on matters of common interests; and g) To cooperate with international and regional organisations with similar aims and purposes. Principles a) Cooperation within the framework of the Association is based on respect for the principles of sovereign equality, territorial integrity, political independence, non-interference in the internal affairs of other States and mutual benefit; b) Such cooperation is to complement and not to substitute bilateral or multilateral cooperation; and c) Such cooperation should be consistent with bilateral and multilateral obligations of Member States. Preamble to the SAARC Charter The preamble to the SAARC Charter spells out the intention of forming this South Asian alliance as We, the Heads of State or Government of BANGLADESH, BHUTAN, INDIA, MALDIVES, NEPAL, PAKISTAN and SRI LANKA; Desirous of promoting peace, stability, amity and progress in the region through strict adherence to the principles of the UNITED NATIONS CHARTER and NON-ALIGNMENT, particularly respect for the principles of sovereign equality, territorial integrity, national independence, non-use of force and non-interference in the internal affairs of other States and peaceful settlement of all disputes Conscious that in an increasingly interdependent world, the objectives of peace, freedom, social justice and economic prosperity are best achieved in the SOUTH ASIAN region by fostering mutual understanding, good neighbourly relations and meaningful cooperation among the Member States which are bound by ties of history and culture Aware of the common problems, interests and aspirations of the peoples of SOUTH ASIA and the need for joint action and enhanced cooperation within their respective political and economic systems and cultural traditions' Convinced that regional cooperation among the countries of SOUTH ASIA is mutually beneficial, desirable and necessary for promoting the welfare and improving the quality of life of the peoples of the region; Convinced further that economic, social and technical cooperation among the countries of SOUTH ASIA would contribute significantly to national and collective self-reliance; Recognising that increased cooperation, contacts and exchanges among the countries of the region will contribute to the promotion of friendship and understanding among their peoples; Do hereby agree to establish an organization to be known as SOUTH ASIAN ASSOCIATION FOR REGIONAL COOPERATION hereinafter referred to as the ASSOCIATIONà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Changes in SAARC over a period of time After more than two decades since its founding at the initiative of General Zia-ul -Rahman, the then President of Bangladesh, the number of members is being increased from seven to eight. And for the first time a member with no common border with India Afghanistan joined SAARC. Also China, Japan, US, South Korea and the European Union attended the Summit as observers. It is only logical that in the not very distant future Russia too will be added to the list of observers. SAARC was conceived as an organisation to promote regional economic and technological cooperation. It was expected that such cooperation, if it is sustained will lead to increased political and security cooperation. Both in the case of European Union and ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nations) the countries concerned had a shared perception of their security challenges.  This did not happen in case of SAARC. There was a war between two members of the SAARC in 1999 and a military confrontation in 2002. Therefore nurturing SAARC as a regional organisation has been a far more challenging task than those faced by organisations like the European Union and the ASEAN. In fact one member of SAARC (Pakistan) refuses to extend the normal most favoured nation treatment to its neighbour (India) though this is a basic prerequisite under the World Trade Organisation regulations. Though there has been a formal agreement to convert the SAARC region into a free trade area, Pakistan and Bangladesh have been reluctant to move towards the fulfillment of that objective. In reality SAARC is largely a name board with annual rituals, not always regularly observed. While in other parts of the world, the trend is towards countries coming together to form larger markets, in South Asia this sentiment prevails only among Sri Lanka, Bhutan and India. Pakistan and Bangladesh do not contribute to the world-wide wisdom that countries coming together to form larger markets is a mutually beneficially proposition.  Ã‚   In Europian countries like Germany and France got over their centuries old animosity. This happened when countries like Germany, Italy, Spain discarded their authoritarian regimes and became democracies. In ASEAN too Indonesia and Malaysia concluded peace after years of confrontation. Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia who fought long wars with the US, which was supported by other ASEAN countries have now become economic and political partners of countries which helped to wage war against them. Unfortunately such radical transformation has not taken place in South Asia. There are reasons to believe that underlying this difference in development may be that religion-based identity exercises greater dominance in some countries of South Asia than nationalism-based identity. In admitting a number of successful economic powers as observers to the SAARC, the expectation is that such interaction may help to convert the mindset of the countries which still resist regional economic cooperation and integration in a world which is rapidly globalising. India has attempted to get Bangladesh into a BIMSTECH arrangement consisting of Bangladesh, India, Myanmar and Sri Lanka. Such a change in mindset is a time-consuming process and therefore there should not be exaggerated expectations with the new beginning with entry of Afghanistan into SAARC and five new observers. The future of SAARC appears to be brighter because in the past.   SAARC was buffeted by Cold War tensions and Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh were attempting to exploit the differences between India and China and India and the US. Recent changes in the orientation of US policy and the Washington perception about the need to have a balance of power in Asia and consequent need to enhance Indo-US relations have had a radical impact on Indias relations with China and South East Asia.  Ã‚   Increasingly India is referred to as one of the six balancers of power in the emerging international system. India today has a strategic partnership with Russia, the US and the European Union and a strategic dialogue with China and Japan.  Ã‚   The visits of Premier Wen Jia Bao of China, President Vladamir Putin of Russia, Prime Junichiro Minister Koizumi of Japan and President Bush to India and invitation to India along with China to attend the G-8 summit of advanced industrial powers has helped to transform the situation in the SAARC region towards increasing cooperation.  Ã‚   There is now better realisation that neither India-China nor India-US relations can be exploited by other nations as happened during the Cold War. In the SAARC region democracy is gaining ground. Afghanistan has an elected government for the first time. Recent developments in Bangladesh, Pakistan and Nepal, though yet to result in full blown democracy are moving in a positive direction. In Bhutan monarchy is voluntarily transforming itself into a democracy. Some Pakistani intellectuals argue that the factor that stands in the way of regional cooperation and integration in South Asia is the overwhelming dominance of India which constitutes more than 70 per cent of the population, resources and industrial and agricultural production of the region. It is therefore difficult to compare the evolution of SAARC with that of European Union or ASEAN. In a sense it could be argued that India itself with its multi-culturalism, multilingual, multiethnic and multi religious composition is like a further integrated European Union. Political evolution within India has made it inevitable that India will be federally governed by coalitions of all-India and regional parties with regional autonomy and aspirations fully accommodated. This development is bound to have its impact on the rest of the SAARC region. So will Indias rapid economic development, its aspirations to become a knowledge based society, its secular values and democracy. There were people in Indias neighbourhood who thought Indian unity would not survive. This conviction persuaded them not to invest in the evolution of SAARC over the last two decades. That situation is changing. Though it is unrealistic to expect any immediate radical changes in the attitudes of Pakistan and even Bangladesh towards SAARC there is no doubt that a new era of increasing integration is beginning, because of the forces of globalisation and emergence of an international balance of power. Challenges Opportunities The region is full of challenges and opportunities. South Asia is home to more than 1.5 billion people associated with various racial, lingual and religious groups. Some of the main challenges and problems facing the region include poverty, illiteracy, underdevelopment, terrorism, human trafficking, and racial and ethnic conflicts. Similarly, food and energy crises have also come out as burning issues of the region. In spite of such challenges and problems, South Asia is abundant in human as well as natural resources. When these resources are managed and utilized effectively, the region is sure to make considerable socio-economic progress within a short span of time. The South Asian people have many reasons to be optimistic if we look at the SAARC Charter that has included all the existing realities in the sub-continent, with the countries of different sizes, various levels of socio-economic development, historical legacies between and among the nations of the region. But, when the progress made by SAARC is assessed minutely, we do not find a very encouraging picture in terms of quality of life the people in South Asia. However, SAARC is gradually fostering cooperation among the member states in a wide range of areas. Because of its contributions to promoting peace, good neighbourly relations and bringing about socio-economic transformation in the region, SAARC has become a valuable forum among its member states. As a saying goes: Rome was not built in a day, the regional forum also requires some more time to achieve its goals and objectives.

Major Cultural Sporting Events and It’s Benefits

This essay will evaluate the benefits and drawbacks of Glastonbury Festival to the local community. It will mainly focus on the economic impact on the local community of Glastonbury, Pilton and Mendip but will also examine the social impact of the festival. â€Å"Festivals may be recurrent events (at intervals of a year of more) such as Glastonbury or one-off affairs like the Armada celebrations of 1988. A festival may be over in a day, a weekend or last a fortnight or more. Most festivals include associated activities, even if they a predominately one art form in concept† (Waters, 1989, pp 57). Glastonbury Festival could be described as a multicultural festival, as defined by Wilson and Udall (1982, pp 4-6, cited in Hall, 1992, pp 26) who state that multicultural festivals are, â€Å"festivals representing the cultural materials of many cultures. With few exceptions, audiences tend to be people who are not of the cultures presented. Organisers tend to be academics or eclectic fans of the folk arts with the control of the events likely to be in the hands of a non-profit institution. Glastonbury Festival donates the majority of their profits to charitable causes and attracts a diverse range of different people and cultures, from the folk fan to the raver. Glastonbury Festival for Contemporary Performing Arts was started by the owner of Worthy Farm, Michael Eavis, in 1970 and has continued to grow each year since then, with the 2000 festival attracting in excess of 150,000 people (BBC, 2002). Glastonbury Festival is now one of the most well known festivals in the world â€Å"†¦this festival is now a multi-media, international event†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Avon and Somerset Constabulary, 2002). Hall (1992) highlights some of the benefits to the local community of hosting a festival, he says â€Å"undoubtedly, festivals and programs of special events provide opportunities for communities to expand the markets of existing firms and attract new businesses and commercial interests, and perhaps raise the overall attractiveness of the areas as places to settle. However, â€Å"the nature of impacts varies with the age and status of the event and the size of the community in which it takes place† (Wall and Mitchell, 1989, p132, cited in Hall, 1992, pp 47). An event such as Glastonbury Festival, however, may not attract the type of people or businesses that the local residents would approve of and this could create conflicts within the local community. There is a great deal of support for Glastonbury Festival from the local community who benefit from it in many ways, which will be discussed later on in this essay. The Glastonbury Tourist Information Centre show their support for the festival on their website, â€Å"The town of Glastonbury has gained enormously from its association with the Glastonbury Festival. In particular, PTA groups, Carnival Clubs, playschools, local charities and businesses are among the many organisations that have benefited from its success. Therefore we, as a community, would like to show our support for the festival and thank Michael Eavis for bringing us all such a wonderful event. † (Glastonbury TIC, 2002). However, there are also a number of local residents who are opposed to the festival due to the problems caused by the quantity and quality of those attending. These views will also be discussed later on in this essay by reviewing the minutes of the meeting by Mendip District Council for the 2002 licence application. Glastonbury Festivals Ltd. (GFL) have provided a great deal of information as to how the festival financially benefits the local community. A summary of this information will follow. In total, from January 2000 to December 2000, GFL donated ? 703,158. 97 to various charitable organisations worldwide. Of the total amount, ? 289,613. 72 is donated to local causes. These local causes vary from carnival clubs and schools to various sporting clubs, many of which rely on funding from the festival to continue. A letter to Mendip District Council (2002), in support of the festival, from a local child states, â€Å"†¦we could loose our carnival if he [Michael Eavis] doesn’t do this [Glastonbury Festival], because a lot of carnival clubs go up there to raise money to build their floats that cost thousands to make †¦ and we’ve always had Pilton Pop Festival in the past. Three cheers to Michael Eavis. † Herbert (2001) states that, â€Å"in response to the questionnaire 74 percent of local residents asked say that the festival provides financial funding for local charities and schools†. From the information provided by GFL it can be seen that it is not just through donations that the local community is benefited financially from the festival but also by an increase in business at the time of the festival. A total of 316 local businesses received  £3,308,625. 78, from January 2000 to December 2000, by direct spending from GFL. This level of financial input from GFL is much needed by local firms especially due to their rural location. â€Å"We have a lot of support locally. The economy relies on the festival what with the demise of the agriculture industry. The economic case is very, very strong,† said Mr Eavis (BBC, 2002). It is more than likely that, yet again, many of these local companies rely on the annual spending from GFL. However, it is not only through direct spending from GFL that local businesses benefit. All businesses associated with leisure and tourism benefit from the festival, from accommodation to shops and pubs, the publican from the Crown in Pilton said, â€Å"It was a magnificent boost to trade, with nothing lost, nothing stolen and nothing broken – we didn’t have to close the doors to anyone† (GFL, 2002). In the weeks prior to the festival itself, those actually setting up the festival site use many of these local amenities. A proportion of people who come to the festival, including workers, performers and festival goers, choose not to camp on site and look to local hotels and bed and breakfasts for their accommodation† (GFL, 2002). Shepton Mallet, Glastonbury and Wells Tourist Information Centres all state that all of the accommodation on their books is fully booked at the time of the festival. There are also a number of local residents who open their homes up for paying guests over the festival period. â€Å"As a result of the festival therefore, in excess of ? 250,000 is spent in the local community on accommodation† (GFL, 2002). Local garages also benefit from the number of cars arriving on site at the festival, â€Å"Mendip District Council quotes that there were a total of 57,000 cars in the official and unofficial car parks in 2000. Many of these vehicles would have used local garages for fuel, assuming each car only spent ? 10 this amounts to ? 570,000 spent on fuel† (GFL, 2002). At the 2000 festival GFL directly employed 1600 people, twenty five percent of whom were employed from the local area. â€Å"Over  £347,175 was spent on local employment, this amounted to over 55% of the total monies spent on wages for the 2000 festival† (GFL, 2002). Local business also benefited by having stalls at the 2000 festival, of the 770 stalls at the festival fifteen percent were local businesses. GFL (2002) states that, â€Å"It is our policy to try to accommodate local traders in preference to those coming from further a field. † It is clear to see from the information provided by GFL that they make a considerable effort to involve the local community as much as possible in the festival and a large proportion of the direct spending and donations from the profits go directly to the local community. Glastonbury Festival is a cultural event it can therefore be said that it can help to promote cultural tourism within the local community. Cultural tourism is defined by The World Tourism Organisation (1985, p6, cited in Hall, 1992 pp 23) as â€Å"movements of persons for essentially cultural motivations such as study tours, performing arts and cultural tours, travel to festivals and other cultural events, visits to sites and monuments, travel to study nature, folklore or art and pilgrimages†. As the Festival is such a well-known event it probably promotes tourism even when the festival is not actually on. Those who have heard of the festival may want to visit Glastonbury at other times of the year. GFL are aware of the festival’s ability to promote tourism in the local area, as stated by the Commercial Manager, â€Å"the festival brings a lot of money into the local area, and gives it a boost in tourism† (Commercial Manager of the Glastonbury Festival, 2001, cited in Herbert, 2001). However, Van Harssel (1994, cited in Herbert, 2001) stated that a greater level of tourist activity may cause increased overcrowding and congestion, which in itself affects residents’ daily lives†. An investigation by Herbert in 2001, into community participation in the planning and management of the Glastonbury Festival, shows that one of the major drawbacks recognised by the organisers and residents is traffic congestion. She goes on to say; this can be supported by Murphy (1985) who believes that one of the most frequently stated irritant for the host community residents is congestion amongst the community. Such a massive annual influx of festival-goers into the area will easily cause heavy congestion in such a small rural area. It is obvious that this huge festival will have some kind of negative impact, both economically and socially, to the local area. The main economic drawback of the festival is the cost to the local community of dealing with crime and other associated problems actually outside the festival site and the pressure put on local services such as hospitals and the police. This is confirmed by Mendip District Council (2002) â€Å"The Glastonbury Festival attracts more than 100,000 people every year. It doubles the population of Mendip district and severely stretches the capacity of local services, such as the police, fire and hospitals†. At the 2000 festival a total of 3237 patients were dealt with, 127 of which were referred to local hospitals and the helicopter was used twice (Festival Medical Services, 2000). The festival costs the NHS  £40,000 plus many empty beds in case of emergencies (Mendip District Council, 2002). The Somerset Fire Brigade were called to thirty-four incidents at the 2000 festival (Somerset Fire Brigade, 2000). A report from Avon and Somerset Constabulary (2002), complied for the licence application for the 2002 festival, states that â€Å"it can be reasonably predicted that recorded crime in the Mendip District overall will increase by 30 percent in the financial year 2002/03 if a licence is granted†. This level of increase in crime puts a considerable strain on the local police, especially seeing as a great deal of the crime is actually committed outside of the festival perimeter, â€Å"the car parks and areas immediately outside the perimeter fence are gathering points for organised touts and criminal gangs† (Mendip District Council, 2002). One the major problems for the local police is controlling the huge number of people that turn up at the festival without a ticket in the hope of getting over the fence. Many of these people congregate close to the festival sites and unlicensed raves attended by those who cannot get into the festival cause a considerable amount noise that affects local residents. â€Å"During the 2000 festival 400 vehicles (2000+ people) arrived for an unlicensed off-site rave. Of the 98 noise complaints that Mendip District Council received in the year 2000 from distressed local people, seven complaints related to the official festival; the rest derived from the off-site rave† (Mendip District Council, 2002). The cost of policing the 2000 festival was  £1. 25 million. The festival pays 40 percent; the taxpayers pay the rest causing tremendous drain on police resources (Mendip District Council, 2002). The festival also attracts the travelling community, many of whom then stay in the district and are very difficult to move on. One of the many reports submitted to the licensing board, from Mendip District Council (2002), highlights some of the detrimental effects to the environment caused by the festival. The wildlife, where it still exists, does a general exodus. The festival creates a million gallons of raw sewage, which helps to pollute the River Whitelake. 60,000 cars and coaches come into the district, which with the numerous fires and smoke machines etc help to create a haze like an industrial smog over Pilton. The festival creates 1000 tons of rubbish, very little of which is recycled. From the information that has been examined for this essay, it is rather difficult to determine overall whether the positive impacts of the festival outweigh the drawbacks. It also depends on whom you speak to in the local community with regards to how they feel about the festival. Mendip District Council receive many letters and phone calls from local residents some showing support for the festival and other from residents who are wholly opposed to it. It is clear that GFL make a great deal of effort to donate to local charities and to support local businesses, but it seems that not enough is being done to combat the detrimental effects caused by the festival. As stated by Herbert (2001) in her conclusion, â€Å"in general, more members of the host community agreed that the festival brings more disadvantages to the community than benefits, although this could be improved with the community having greater involvement in the planning and management of the Glastonbury Festival†. The 2001 festival did not go ahead as it was felt by the licensing board and the police that it would not be safe and following the 2000 festival the festival organisers were fined  £6,000 for breaches of the licence conditions (Mendip District Council, 2002). This has meant that the conditions of the licence for the 2002 Glastonbury Festival are much more stringent, with the festival organisers this year stating â€Å"No Ticket, No Festival† (GFL, 2002). The festival organisers are combating the huge problem of the number of people turning up without tickets, which appear to be those who cause the most problems in the local area. There will be stricter controls with regards to stopping those with no ticket getting anywhere near the festival. Off site car parks are proposed with buses running to the festival site for only those with a ticket (GFL, 2002), however, it will not be clear until the festival actually happens as to whether this will be effective, it may just cause more problems within the local area. It is clear from the research undertaken that a great deal of effort has been put into trying to ensure that the problems caused by previous festivals are not repeated. An organisation called Mean Fiddler have taken over the running of the festival, they have experience of managing other large-scale cultural events such as the Reading Festival and Homelands (www. meanfiddler. com, 2002). Hopefully this will help to make Glastonbury 2002 safe and fun and a great deal more pleasant for the local community. If the conditions of the licence are breached this year it is almost certain that Glastonbury Festival will not be allowed to continue, it is therefore up to all of those involved and all of those who support the festival to make sure that it is successful.

Descriptive Essay - Original Writing - 1381 Words

Thankfully, Johnny had passed the test of being able to clean up with the help of Dixie and was able to transfer himself fairly well from the wheelchair to the toilet. With a long list of instructions, a bagful of medications and a schedule of appointments for therapy and check-ups, Johnny was pronounced healthy enough to start recovering at the DeSoto’s. Although normally he could have been sent home that morning, after having to be checked over by Doctor Early, Doctor Druthers and both therapists, Roy and Joanne agreed to wait until after lunch so Johnny could take a nap. It also gave Mike Stoker time to recover a bit from his shift so he could come and help with the trip home. When they were finally on the way out of the hospital,†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"His wife will be by to drop off Chris soon after and to pick him up.† â€Å"It’ll be fine. He’s like a dad to everyone who works for him,† Joanne reassured John. â€Å"Now, how about we get you in the car?† Nodding, Johnny allowed Mike and Roy to help him stand up before walking a couple of feet to the car. Turning slightly, Roy and Mike gently set him down and watched as Johnny slowly moved his feet behind the driver’s car. Closing the door behind their friend, Mike went around the other side while Roy went to help Joanne get the wheelchair, walker and suitcases into the truck of their car. â€Å"Johnny?† Mike cautiously asked, seeing his eyes were closing. â€Å"Hmmm?† â€Å"You need to buckle up yet before we can get going.† â€Å"Huh?† Johnny was confused. What does he mean by that? I have pajama pants on†¦no buckle on. Seeing the confused look, Mike slowly reached over and took the seat belt and explained what he was doing. As he was finishing, Roy and Jo slipped into the car, asking if everyone was all set. Assuring them that he and John were, Mike kept an eye on Johnny as they made their way to the DeSoto’s home. Although Mike would have bet Johnny would have fallen asleep, the sights kept him wide awake. â€Å"Whoa,† John breathed out as the passed high rises and buildings he had never before seen. â€Å"Huge!† Turning into the residential area they lived in, Roy heard Johnny suck in his breath. When they finally arrived at the

Essay On Implication Of JK-STAT - 1490 Words

Implications of JAK-STAT in disease So far, we have seen that this pathway is accountable for the transduction of extracellular stimulus into transcriptional factors that regulate several cellular functions. STATs are also known to exert additional functions such as affecting oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, regulating chromatin compliance and epigenetic markings in the nucleus and interacting with the microtubule components in the cytoplasm which are responsible for cellular motility (4). This pathway has been observed to play an integral role in the development of mammary gland, stem cells, lymphocytes, neuronal cells, eye cells, cardiomyocytes, adipocytes. Consequently, its dysregulation induces various diseases, including†¦show more content†¦STATs contribute significantly to cellular fate decisions of differentiating naà ¯ve T cells into regulatory and inflammatory T cells, lymphocyte development, and exercise control over the intensity and duration of inflammatory responses. STAT3 particularly is involved in the regulation of cell death, cell growth and in the transcription of inflammatory genes. This serves as the basis for its contribution to the development of chronic inflammatory diseases and neurodegenerative diseases (8). This pathway has been associated with several monogenic diseases like the ‘bubble boy’ syndrome (X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency). The extreme susceptibility to pathogens observed is caused by a lack of T and NK cells, which occurs due to loss of function variants of the common ÃŽ ³ chain signal transduction. A subset of SCID patients demonstrated mutations in Jak3 kinase specifying the non-redundant in vivo functions for any JAK/STAT component (9). After the initial discovery of JAK3-SCID, many Mendelian disorders were reported. Discoveries made in the past three decades help us to correlate loss of function STAT mutations with specific types of pathogens. STAT1 mutations make patients vulnerable to viral and mycobacterial infections, whereas patients having STAT2 mutations are prone to viral infections and fungal infections are most common in patients with STAT3 mutations (2). The last 20 years have brought to the fore remarkable connections between JAK-STAT

The Effects Of Global Warming On Humans Essay - 1570 Words

Global warming has increased very rapidly over the last few years and it is having a huge impact on earth. It is being cause by the greenhouse gases that are now in the atmosphere. The greenhouse gases cause the planets surface to reach a really high temperature and this is when we are able to experience the effects of global warming. Some places have been more affected than others, the places that have had a really big impact have been the coasts. This is because the as global warming increases so do the rising of sea levels. Considering that a large amount of human population lives on the coasts. This means that a lot of human life might be lost because of this reason. At the same time, it is affecting aquatic life due to the fact it slows them down, they are not able to obtain the nutrients that they need and the rising of sea levels is destroying their environment. Something that will have a negative impact on us as humans as well because we depend on those aquatic animals and or ganisms for food and many other different stuff. Yes, both global warming and the sea levels are rising but one is rising at a much faster rate. The sea levels are rising at a much faster rate and some people are actually thinking of the long term impact that this will have on our world as a whole. On my essay I will show the impact that global warming has on places like Alaska and India due to the fact that it is caused by the burning of fossil fuels, which release high levels of greenhouseShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Global Warming On Humans1405 Words   |  6 Pages The Effects of Global Warming Global warming is a dangerous issue that has been caused by the actions of human beings. The environment as a result, has changed for the worse. The effects of this situation that is currently happening is global, and can affect anyone regardless of their geographical location. The effects of global warming are enormous, and if people do not begin to do something in order to stop it, global warming could lead to the end of human kind. In this paper IRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects On Human Population1458 Words   |  6 Pagesperiod of time compared to the total age of the earth, problems are no doubtable going to arise. From the demand of the ever rising human population on the earth, food accessibility, depletion of natural resources, and an increase in global warming affects all have detrimental consequences on our human population and our own earth that may not be reservable. As humans need space to live, and as cities expand, farm land is being taken over by subdivisions . Thus, where is the food coming from to feedRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On The Human Race1836 Words   |  8 PagesThe environment we inhabit is drastically changing due to the detrimental global warming and climate change, it is likely our Earth will become strenuous to live in. There are sufficient scientific studies that have shown how the negative effects of global warming can threaten the human race. It has shown that disasters will accumulate if we take no further actions to protect our Earth. Governments don’t make all the decisions in the society, but they make a lot of these structural decisions andRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effect On Human Activity885 Words   |  4 Pageswith respect to global warming. However, there continue to be diverse views regarding this phenomenon. Since the beginning of the industrial era the emissions of greenhouse gases have risen significantly. There has also been an increase in the surface temperature around the globe in the last three decades. The majority of the population understands and accepts these facts. However, using these two facts as a foundation, people come to a variety of conclusions regarding the effects and the reasonsRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On Human Activity2378 Words   |  10 PagesDebates about global warming have received much attention in the last few years. Opponents may say global warming is a natural cause however, the reality is global warming is occurring due to human activity. Global warming is best defined as a term used to describe a gradual increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere and its oceans, a change that is believed to be permanently changing the Earth’s climate. Global warming does not only increase temperature it is also capable of decreasingRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects On Human Activities979 Words   |  4 Pagesin 1977) that global warming is a reality and that human activities are making the biggest impact, many individuals and groups continue to deny this reality and hinder the development of solutions for it. If no effective efforts are made, we will continue to see the increasingly destructive results of humanity underestimating its own impact and the fragility of the planet it so often takes for granted. For decades there have been efforts to raise awareness and understanding of human contributionRead MoreEffects Of Global Warming On Human Activity2070 Words   |  9 PagesStatement of the problem: Nowadays the climate of the Earth is changing rapidly due to the increase of greenhouse gases. 90% of this gases released in environment is due to the human activity by burning of fossil fuels. Due to the climate change the health sector is affected mainly children, adults and whole population. The climate change is danger to the health system, the increase in temperature is causing in heat waves that leads to less rainfall, rise in sea level and flood. Due to this the healthRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On The Human Race1874 Words   |  8 PagesChanges for the beyond The environment we inhabit is drastically changing due to the detrimental global warming and climate change, and it is likely our Earth will become strenuous to live in. There are sufficient scientific studies that have shown how the negative effects of global warming can threaten the human race. It has shown that disasters will accumulate if we take no further actions to protect our Earth. Governments don’t make all the decisions in society, but they make a lot of these structuralRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects On The Human Body1226 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal pollution will nevertheless become a bigger problem than just the melting of the arctic iceberg, or the nearby extinction of several species, but it will, in eventually in near future, result in the extinction of humanity in this planet. Global warming, a term that mean the Earth itself is becoming hotter and hotter. Mr. Bill McKibben, an American environmentalist and writer said in his report about global war ming,†We ve raised the temperature more than a degree Fahrenheit (0.56 degrees Celsius)Read MoreEffects Of Global Warming On The Human Body And Vigor1887 Words   |  8 Pages To commence, the effects of global warming to the human body and vigor are both indirect and direct. Through the warming of the earth, extreme meteorological conditions and patterns will ensue with more regularity; storms, inundations, heat waves, and droughts will proliferate and will affect human condition directly in such manner that destroys homes, contaminates water sources, and diminishes food resources. These events will consequently entail a high risk of disease and exposure to disease.

Bioethics of Euthanasia Free Essays

string(198) " with the terminally ill, and particular moralities strongly advocate for the right to die under certain circumstances, as illustrated by Kevorkian’s rash threats of a hunger strike if convicted\." As biological organisms, humans design patterns of how to live by way of autonomous lifestyle choices, only after being born into a subjective realm of existence with social opportunities and limitations suggested by how one is nurtured and raised. A sense of a connection to objectivity is gained depending on how closely one associates themselves with an organized institution such as religion, or other form of moral code. The idea that knowledge learned from a moral superior at a young age can suggest, or sometimes in early adulthood, coerce decision-making is indicative of a set of parameters or expectations that one must achieve so to honor the objective family belief. We will write a custom essay sample on Bioethics of Euthanasia or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore, the family is also an institution which generates the same attachment to objectivity that encourages a certain set of goals. Ultimately though, it is one’s subjective experience that has it’s own social, physical, mental, and spiritual habits and attachments that cause the mind and body to perform and exist in a particular way. The overarching illegality of euthanasia across North America is supported by religious institutions which act as the sole moral platform for questioning the professional conduct of medical practitioners. The hegemonic belief that is fostered views euthanasia as a breach of non-maleficence, though doctors have and will likely continue to comply with life-ending aid in North America, regardless of recent deliberation regarding legislation. A legalization of euthanasia could ease tensions for physicians and patients dealing with chronic fatal health conditions, but would require specific criteria for legality. The debilitating suffering from a terminal illness should be the first criteria, as well as an autonomous request made by the sufficiently competent patient. Those who advocate for the legalization of euthanasia are part of a particular morality that sees beyond the mystical value of medical non-maleficence and opposes overarching institutional moralities that forbid life-ending decisions. Also of concern is the slippery slope argument, whereby any level of legal euthanasia would likely incite requests for more flexible criteria, publicly bringing into question the intangible value of human life. A central notion of biomedical ethics that stands as a major contender against the legalization of euthanasia is non-maleficence. To generally adhere to the principles of non-maleficence, physicians should not provide ineffective treatments to patients as these offer risk with no possibility of benefit and thus have a chance of harming patients. In addition, physicians must not do anything that would purposely harm patients without the action being balanced by proportional benefit (Beauchamp, 155). This benefit is not necessarily beneficial to the terminally ill individual who has requested euthanasia. The benefit referred to in the medical field is generally an extension of life and a restoration of health, which is not a reality for the terminally ill, rather a benefit might be an end to incurable suffering. Because many medications, procedures, and interventions cause harm in addition to benefit, the principle of non-maleficence provides little concrete guidance in the care of patients, and acts as a fairly weak argument against euthanasia. A helpful distinction when debating the validity of physician assisted suicide is that of ‘killing’ and ‘allowing to die’. If a patient is too frail to undergo restorative treatment, it can be said that the withholding of that treatment is allowing the patient to die. On the other hand, ‘killing’ entails taking action that would hasten the onset of death. There is considerable overlap between these two concepts, to the point that a clear distinction is not readily discernible (Beauchamp, 172). The prima facie nature of allowing a patient to die, as expressed by Beauchamp is acceptable under certain conditions whereby a medical technology is considered futile, or ineffectual, or a patient and/or surrogate decision maker has validly denied a medical technology (173). In the case that a patient is suffering unnecessarily, and has denied or been denied the opportunity for treatment due to severity of illness, should euthanasia not be an acceptable option? This action would undoubtedly fall under the category of ‘killing’, but if the nearest solution is the imminent death of a terminally ill patient, the concept of non-maleficence should not apply to a deliberate hastening of the patients’ biological shutdown. It can also be argued that fading to death in palliative care with little to no cognition is of little value, and coming from a strictly utilitarian perspective, in some cases, may be unnecessary. If an elderly patient has no immediate family, and is in the final stages of a degenerative disease, the option of the patient to deny extended care and hasten the imminence of death should ot be considered immoral. The approval of certain cases such as the example above would definitely introduce a ‘slippery slope’ argument whereby the notions and parameters of conducting euthanasia would be challenged, inflated, and publicly scorned. The infamous example of Dr. Kevorkian is indicative of the demand for physican-assisted suicide, and the flexible moralities of perhaps many physicians who are faced with the challenge of allowing a patient to pursue a hastened death. Michigan doctor Jack Kevorkian was convicted of second-degree murder for delivering a lethal injection to a 52-year-old man suffering from Lou Gehrig’s disease. It was the first time in five trials that Kevorkian was found guilty of a crime after participating in, by his count, at least 130 assisted suicides. Likened to â€Å"a medical hit man† by the prosecution, Kevorkian compared himself to Martin Luther King and told the court he was no more culpable than an executioner. The 70-year-old doctor had dared prosecutors to charge him and threatened a hunger strike if convicted. â€Å"Suicide†). The case of Kevorkian’s assisted suicides shows that public hegemonic belief places all burden on the physician involved, for it is technically legal to carry out or attempt suicide, but not with the aid of any other person, especially a clinician. These laws tend to make sense in every realm except the medical world, where euthanasia is an issue that arises with the terminally ill, and particular moralities strongly advocate for the right to die under certain circumstances, as illustrated by Kevorkian’s rash threats of a hunger strike if convicted. You read "Bioethics of Euthanasia" in category "Essay examples" Obviously viewing himself as a liberator, Kevorkian’s particular morality quickly earned him a reputation, and having participated in over one hundred assisted suicides, he stands not as a reputable opposition to hegemony, but rather a moral pariah. Kevorkian’s comparison of his ‘moral fallacy’ with the conduct of an executioner is an interesting philosophical idea, and also illustrates the exclusivity of moral professionalism within the medical world. This is mostly apparent in the United States where there is a domination of privatized health care, and plenty of capital punishment. The application of morality is varied when it comes to death and dying, in a society where a 20 year old can be put to death for committing murder, and in the same society, a terminally ill, suffering patient cannot decidedly seek a peaceful death without moral intervention. In both cases, strong moral impositions are made, and guide the fate of both individuals. The convict has a chance at rehabilitation, and renewing his moral adherence and contribution to society, but is not rewarded the chance because his actions stripped him of his dignity. On the other hand, the dying patient is not permitted to seek assistance in death because common morality forbids it, much like the same common morality denies the convict a second chance. The patient is denied euthanasia because the hegemonic function of the medical field is to avoid non-maleficence, so according to the same morality, the criminal is denied rehabilitation and put to death because the function of the law is to appropriately punish offenders. This paradox shows how two distinct versions of the same common morality are stamped like a ‘cookie cutter’, yielding the anticipated results of the societal function: the patient can’t die because medicine is designed to keep him alive, and the criminal can’t live because capital punishment is designed to eliminate him. Therefore, it is not unreasonable to suggest that the application of euthanasia in the medical field should be acceptable in certain circumstances, and that exclusive clinical moralities should allow deliberation on the subject, and not continue to function in a ‘cookie cutter’ fashion. In Canada and the United States, laws distinguishing ‘active’ and ‘passive’ categories of euthanasia are divided into four sections: â€Å"deliberately killing persons who wish to die or assisting them in suicide (active voluntary euthanasia and assisted suicide), deliberately killing persons whose wishes are unknown or opposed to such treatment (active involuntary euthanasia), withholding or withdrawing life-preserving means from those who do not want them used (forgoing treatment of competent individuals), and letting persons die by withholding or withdrawing life-preserving means when their wishes are unknown or when they want, or would tolerate, such means to be applied or maintained (forgoing treatment of incompetent individuals)† (Dickens, 136). According to these legal parameters, it would seem that active and passive euthanasia should only occur when indicated by the patient, living will, or a surrogate, such as active voluntary euthanasia, an d the forgoing of treatment to competent individuals. These two forms provide the patient with the moral decision to adopt the institutional values of their choice and affect their course of longevity and suffering. In the cases of active involuntary euthanasia, and the withholding of treatment from incompetent patients it can be said that, morally, the physician has no right to change the course of the patient’s treatment without clearance from a living will or surrogate. To conduct active involuntary euthanasia, or withhold treatment for no apparent reason indicated by the patient or surrogate, negligence would necessarily apply and represent the justified fault of the attending physician. Dealing with death is a subjective experience that generates fear, and causes humans to seek comfort in institutional beliefs, whether that be family, religion, other forms of spirituality, or modern medicine itself. Death reminds humans of their biological capacities and fleeting opportunities for experience in life, and generates a desire to medicalize suicide. â€Å"We want physicians to provide the means to end life in an antiseptically acceptable fashion. Knives, guns, ropes, and bridges tend to be messy. We seek a more aesthetically pleasing way of terminating life, one that leaves the patient looking dead, but not disgusting. For this, as in so much else in the 20th-century quest for happiness, we turn to the physician† (Paris, 33). Much like we seek aesthetic modifications from plastic surgeons, and mental stability from psychologists, we turn again to professional doctors for a method of dealing with the harsh reality of death. Though euthanasia may be an acceptable option for some people in certain sets of dire circumstances, it is the fear of death generated by the triumphs of medicine that provide the illusion that death and suffering are something a physician can cure. Medicinal miracles and the rise of technological medicine give people the impression that old losses are new triumphs, at least insofar as one can be kept alive for longer with chronic diseases. This notion sparks the fear of suffering before death, and that morbidity will be extended instead of compressed. Essentially then, it is the physician who bears all weight of the laws pertaining to euthanasia, which seems unjust when there is little more that medicine can do for a terminally ill patient than aid in their peaceful departure from life. The argument that legalized euthanasia would initiate the slippery slope, and â€Å"hospitals would become cruel and dehumanized places† are refuted by the suggestion and observation of the exact opposite (Schafer). As Schafer suggests, â€Å"experience has shown that what happened was exactly the opposite of what was predicted by the naysayers: Doctors and hospitals have become kinder and gentler, patients’ wishes are better respected than previously and society has come to accept the importance of individual autonomy at the end of life† (3). Clearly, the legalization of euthanasia would not entirely disrupt the nature of medical care in Canada, and with current debates indicating the possibility of change, society may undergo a change of ideas in the near future. The idea that euthanasia may provide a patient with more dignity at death than what is often referred to as ‘sedation to unconsciousness’ is becoming more common, and should not be deemed unacceptable next to palliative care. With the right safeguards in place, euthanasia should be one of many life-ending options available to Canadians near the end of their life, with palliative care being a morally adjacent decision. The subjective experience of death is one’s own, and even familial institution can only do so much to comfort the process of being terminally ill. Therefore it should be a decision of the patient to seek medical help, either in the form of sedation and longevity, or immediate peace. How to cite Bioethics of Euthanasia, Essay examples

Contemporary Issues in Travel and Tourism - Sample Solution

Questions: Task 1 1.1 Analyse issues currently driving change in the travel and tourism sector for a local tourist destination ,geographical region ,country or countries of your choice. 1.2 Analyse different current issues using appropriate methods and resources for a local tourist destination, geographical region, country or countries of your choice (Japan) Task 2 2.1 Evaluate current trends influencing change in the travel land tourism sector of a tourist destination or country of your choice. 2.2 Analyse a current trend using appropriate techniques and resources for a tourist destination or country. Task 3 3.1 Analyse how travel and tourism businesses could respond to change. 3.2 Develop strategies on how selected travel and tourism businesses could respond to change. 3.3 Justify strategies for how selected travel and tourism businesses could respond to change. Task 4 4.1 Analyse the impacts of issues and trends that drive change in the travel and tourism sector. 4.2 Discuss the likely conse quences of businesses failing to respond to market changes. Answers: Introduction Travel and tour could be interchanged, and tourism is explained as the movement from one place to the other place along with the aim to recreate oneself and services provision for this movement (Gregory and Goodall 1988). In this way tourism can be considered in the service industry having various tangible as well as intangible parts. The tangible parts include the hospitality and transport system services. The transport services cover up the road, rail, road and water; where else hospitality services cover up the food and beverages, accommodation, banking, tours, insurance, and safety (Tom and Hagen 1999). The tangible services cover up the escape, rest, adventure, relaxation and various other experiences (Tom and Hagen 1999). Its noted that tourism started as the travel for the adventure as well as leisure in various areas and presently it has come under the broad venture through different persons. Tourism and travel in Japan has given positive performance in the year 2013 (Alison 2000). Through the economic recovery in the country has helped in improving the confidence of the consumers and has even tried to motivate to enhance the recreational and leisure activities (Millie 1997). In context of the tourism and trips has flown towards the inbound and domestic growth in experience, where else the outbound flow of tourism has reduced in 2013 (Millie 1997). Through the increasing demand in inbound and domestic tourist, registration of the hotels ahs enhanced in the average and occupancy room rates; where else its noted that players of air transportation has made the profits through enhancing the load factor and the revenue of the unit. This report will try to outline the environment of Japan in which travel and tourism industry operates their activities (Graham 1999). This report will also try to deliver the overview of the significance and impact of this industry. It even conside rs the various forces, which try to shape this industry along with issues that impact the tourism industry management (Graham 1999). Task 1 1.1 Analyzes issues currently driving change in the travel and tourism sector for a local tourist destination, geographical region, country or countries of your choice. Tourism is the global leading economic activity; simultaneously its also one of the most valuable trades in the world (Graham 1999). The economic activity is also impacted through various risk factors, which leads towards the unreliability in the world of business. International events like the instability of politics also impact the negativity of trade (Brian 2003). Individuals that are moving from one place to the other as the tourist, has become serious threat into the security of the world (Brian 2003). Its noted that terrorists are trying to maculate as the tourist in order complete their mission, and its impact is so severe that if this is considered as valuable income source for particular country then it can be fixed. Its noted that tourism is severely impacted through the issues related to health in Japan, where the cases of swine flu has tried to hinder the travel and simultaneously impacted the income which comes through the travel (Brian 2003). Japan also faces the climat e changes, which has also impacted its free travel requirements and has changed the pattern, movement as well as position of most of the attractive scenes. This has also impacted over the enhanced spending in order to promote the continuity of tourism industry and has even prevented the degradation of the environment. Tourism is referred as the limelight globally, due to its scope. The jobs that are created through this sector also impact the entire sector along with economy (Alan and Lickorish 1988). It has even impacted the transport, issues related to culture, agriculture, telecommunication, manufacturing and various other organizations (Alan and Lickorish 1988). Japan has less attractive statistics, however, its noted that total visitors come from the markets of West that has tried to enhance over the time, but still its low. Its considered as the contributing factor in exploring the one, who could easily communicate the English in effective way (Alan and Lickorish 1988). In Japan, the insufficient services of foreign language ranks the complaint through the travelers that comes from the United States or from Europe, who often face trouble, mainly in the areas of transportation, system complexity and very less signs given in English (John 1996). Even the menus in the restaurants and hotels hav e food pictures, but there was it lack in explanation in English, which reduce the tourism. Traditionally, its noted that Japan is mono-ethnic as well as a monolingual country, in which Japanese are given the highest priority in their identity of their culture; therefore they have the tendency to reject the people who comes from different cultures (Martinez 1990). These prejudices might leave the negative effects on the tourism (Douglas 1999). Various observers has also argued that Japan mainly give attention towards increasing their own culture instead of given attention towards other cultures (Martinez 1990). But now if the Japan wants to understand their goal of increasing the tourism, its expected that they should improve their citizen awareness of intercultural and should also try to highlight the problems of the intercultural communication (Douglas 1999). Tourist having the various languages or having the different cultural backgrounds depicts the variation in their own expectations towards the experiences of travelers (Bruce 2002). Its required that the programs should try to set up to address the interest and requirements of the foreign tourist (Bruce 2002). In 2020 Olympic, Japan is offered with good opportunity to easily promote their tourism and try to attract the tourist. Japan should try to set up brand of tourist by offering them satisfactory services and better environment (Bruce 2002). 1.2 Analyze different current issues using appropriate methods and resources for a local tourist destination, geographical region, country or countries of your choice (Japan) There are many studies conducted on the qualitative forecasting demand in the field of tourism and that too is limited. Along with the aspects of methodology, qualitative methods receive the less attention as these are only standard applications. On the other side, approaches of qualitative need not need the dependency of the historic facts, as it depends over the opinions of pooled experts (Pigram and Jenkins 2003). Therefore, all these methods are mainly used within the studies that lack in previous data that is apparent. For instance, a currently set up destination, along with tour operator wouldnt hold the historically available data. If there is any political or economic instability in the regions of Japan, last data wouldnt be of any use in the stable environment (Pigram and Jenkins 2003). In other context, the qualitative methods offers reasonable better forecasts for the short period as there is similarity of the experts with the ongoing changes taking place in this field. Its noted that qualitative methods actually work when the scope of forecasting is actually limited (Pigram and Jenkins 2003). The basic issues with the qualitative methods is exploring the experts in the relevant field and then agreeing over the similar forecast. Pigram and Jenkins (2003) tries to categorize the different traditional approaches in two major parts, which are: inquiries through survey about the visitors in the areas that are generated by the tourism, and the other one is analysis about the regional and national vacations survey (Pigram and Jenkins 2003). However, it is noted that this technique is quite less expensive and it also dont require the experience in the field of tourism. The next approach focuses over the inquiries about the visitors in the areas that are generated through the tourism like airports, resorts, tour operators and railway stations (Pigram and Jenkins 2003). This approach also depends over the measurement of the groups that has non-experts but still they require the opinions of the experts in their final forecasting. In context of the Japan travel bureau, they make use of this technique in order to forecast about the traveling trends of the Japan for the purpose of outbound travels (Reynolds 1992). This s urvey even stress over the money and time; where else there are many who trust the first technique; in order to analyze their data through less money and within lesser time by the use of secondary data. Task 2 2.1 Evaluate current trends influencing change in the travel and tourism sector of a tourist destination or country of your choice. Growth in economy has enhanced the competition, provided ease to the restrictions in travel, along with aggressive strategies of promotion, which was adopted by NTOs, which has contributed in the growth in the year 1996 (Atsuko 1999). Its noted in most of the countries within the Asia pacific region has increase the tourist arrival rate. Even Japan has experienced the decline in arrival arte in the year 1995 due to enhancement in cost, lack of appeal, along with strong currency, which has rebounded in the year 1996 with the increase in 22% in arrival rate. The reeducation in the arrival was attributed through the increase in cost of the countries vacations. Japan which is the largest market of South Korea is accounted to around 40% of the overall visitors and has reduced to around 8.4% (Atsuko 1999). Trends related to Outbound Travel- The regions of Asia Pacific receive around 74% of the total visitors. It shows the dramatic enhancement through the help of 69% of the record in the year 1985 (Salah 2000). Its noted that increase in domestic travel cost in few countries, decrease in airfares, increase in affluence, increase in business travel along with packages offered by competitors has increase the travelers in Asia from the foreign destinations (Salah 2000). Its noted that intraregional travel that is characterized through the continuous short haul trips has increased through the increase in rate of travel. Japan is also so far considered as the largest tourist has tried to generate the regional market by the help of other emerging markets like, Singapore, China, South Korea, Taiwan, and Hong Kong, which has generated the new global travelers (Lisa 2000). Improvement in demand for the travel has supported in creating the new opportunities of market in the area of dive travel, ecotourism, adventure travel, meetings, arts, incentives, entertainment, and cruises (Twan 2003). Marketer in tourism industry mainly focuses towards attracting the high market through differentiation in their offered products and through customizing the needs of an individual (Twan 2003). Since the regions of Asia-Pacific include the rich culture, preferences, lifestyle, innovation and strategies of creative marketing has helped in designing the sources of markets for the visitors. Future perspective- The region of Asia Pacific has tried to build the status of rapidly increasing region and has forecasting the region that has long term prospects for health (Smith 2004). Its expected that Japan will continue to be as a principal visitors market. Japan will also witness growth through rise in disposable income and desire of tourist to travel (Smith 2004). 2.2 Analyze a current trend using appropriate techniques and resources for a tourist destination or country. Along with the econometric models as well as time series, the various new methods of quantitative forecasting predominantly are artificial intelligence (Michael 1988). This technique emerged in the literatures of forecasting of tourism. Its noted that artificial intelligence has rapidly grown in the area of research across different disciplines in the present years (Stephen and Buhalis 1999). Traditionally, its noted that artificial intelligence make use of this technique that was derived through the rule 15 that is based on the system of logic programming, while the present interest is focused over the methods of precise heuristic, fuzzy logic, support of the vector machine, and network of artificial neural (Michael 1988). The key benefits of techniques of artificial intelligence are that it doesnt need additional data like of probability as well as distribution. These techniques could be applied in case of tourism forecasting (Stephen and Buhalis 1999). Task 3 3.1 Analyze how travel and tourism businesses could respond to change. There are different factors like political unrest, terrorism, as well as health that could deter in case of tourist when they travel to any destination, where the factors are actually presented (Rugg 1973). The technological development like the internet holds the high impacts over the industry of travel and tourism. Its noted that customers could conduct the research about the destinations and do their online bookings through the help of Travelocity or either through Expedia, or either directly from the destination support services or providers of accommodation (Papatheodorou 2001). Providers of travel and tourism has tried to respond towards the development in technology so that small sized companies could have their own websites, capability of doing online booking that could include the online debit as well as credit card payments all over the world (Papatheodorou 2001). Its also noted that the recession holds the high impact over the environment of business travel along with various business travelers that has reduced the employees who are trying to introduce the cheap ways in attending the web conferences or telephone meetings that both save the money and the time of the travelers (Morrison 1989). Its noted that there are many business travelers that try to seek the airline budget as well as accommodations for offering the high value along with few facilities (Wang 2004). Therefore, its required that there are many accommodation providers and flights that are trying to compete with the travelers (Kulendran and Witt 2003). In the recent years there are many budget flights like Ryan Air and easyJet, who has tap into various changes like enhancement in internet bookings along with growth in the self packaging. 3.2 Develop strategies on how selected travel and tourism businesses could respond to change. The 21st century is the time in which there are many countries who has tried to compete in order to charm, having around 16 million travelers in Japan from all over the world, and the number of visitors in Japan is around 5 million that is also balanced (World Tourism Organization 1999). For the purpose of increasing the present figure of the global visitors by the year 2010, it is required in the case of Japan that they should include their governments in order to exert their efforts in fulfilling their set goals. In order to do, certain strategies need to be formulated and implemented (World Tourism Organization 1999). Travel and tourism sector can try to comprehend through their strategies for building tourism (Um and Crompton 1991). They should adopt the strategy of know oneself, in which they can try to analyze or identify the own charm of Japan, so that Japanese could learn to accept their land and feel pride for their society (Um and Crompton 1991). The industry should learn from the knowledge of other people, and should try to examine the experiences from the other countries (Scot 2006). They can even try to build the nation by offering the habitats and better place for the visitors. The tourism industry can also try to develop the system in which agencies and the ministers should be concern, and this can also include the Cabinet Secretariat by placing their efforts under the government initiatives. The tourism sector should try to develop the organic system through the participation of the regions that could also include both private and public sectors to work with cooperation, establishing the business in overseas market, and foreign institutes could be concern with others (Amelung, Nichol and Viner 2007). Its important that Japanese should give the warm welcome to the global tourists. Japanese tourism should try to strengthen the cooperation between the private sector, government as well as regions through boosting their brand. This can help in boosting the brand of Japan and this needs the effective transmission by the help of cooperation from private sector, government along with local government (Gossling 2002). Its important that Japan should commit towards presenting Japan as charm to the global tourist. The tourism sector of Japan can also make use of diverse media (Becken and Hay 2007). They can build the websites in order to target the foreign tourist in the starting stage of development, private sector and government who should work with coordination (Becken and Hay 2007). The websites should also require containing the information about the tourism and this information should be updated on daily basis. The website should be in both Japanese and English (Scot 2006). 3.3 Justify strategies for how selected travel and tourism businesses could respond to change. If Japan is trying to increase their ability for transmitting the brand of Japan, this transmission could be carried out with strategies (Gossling and Hal 2006). In order to have such type of undertaking, it will be required to begin through conducting the survey and through analyzing the image board of Japan and then through finally building the strategy of transmission and exploring the activities of transmission in effective way in context of the public relation strategies (Gossling and Hal 2006). In order to bring changes in the travel and tourism, its expected that Japan should try to develop the environment in which global visitors could freely move around (Stern 2006). In order to bring changes, it is required that Japan should try to clarify their task from the view point of global visitors and tackle these issues quickly (Law, Goh and Pine 2004). Japan should also try to strengthen their global competitiveness in their tourism industry. Its important that tourism should be positioned as one of the leading industry of Japan. In order to bring out the developments, the tourism business of Japan should be viewed as the major industry and the one, whose global competiveness could be enhanced. At last, it would be required to ease the regulations to the highest strength according to market functions, is that business included into the brainstorm of the ideas could compete with the available services (Law 2001). It would be even desirable for offering variety of services in order to meet the requirements of the global visitors all over the broad range of choices and prices (Law and Au 1999). Task 4 4.1 Analyze the impacts of issues and trends that drive change in the travel and tourism sector. The issues and the trends which play all over the travel and the tourism sector of Japan are given below: 1. Impact of economy and tourism leakage- This has set to become the most important issue in the beginning of 21st century (McKercher and Du Cros 2002). The government of Japan is try to increase that the impact of economy through storing the earnings at the domestic level and after that within the entire region. This can even run up against the enhancement in advancement in international multinational groups that will try to spend more money in the form of distribution, franchisee, fees of management and other types of earnings (McKercher and Du Cros 2002). Its noted that local research, universities along with regional groupings like the Social Commission of Asia is focusing intensively on this major subject.2. Globalization impact- In relation to the above, but other issues are the consumer and environment protection, and of regulations, currency changes and the policies of aviation (Richards and Raymond 2000). While the practices of the liberalization of the bureaucratic trade wi ll most likely to continue, along with region of PATA NTOs will come under pressure to depict that they are actually not dedicated through the outside power by not imparting more than what they actually deserve.3. High liberalization on visas- Its noted that the there is a high liberalization on the visas, opportunities of investment and the border control formalities (Richards and Wilson 2006). There are many regions such as Economic Cooperation of Asia Pacific that holds the issues over their own agenda in viewing the recognition, which has key impediments towards the flow of goods and people. Through step by step, all these barriers will come down when the country try to adjust with the realities (Richards and Wilson 2006). However, it is noted that its important for ensuring that these countries need to be encouraged towards making the changes.4. Increase in social issues- The tough work for any industry depends on convincing all constitutes, which is not there in industry (Rich ards and Wilson 2007). In Japan, its noted that luxury hotels are still embarrass within the midst of the nearby poverty. Either the ostentation need to be replaced through the modesty to work harder for explaining the reason to pay to the housekeepers as the same what is charged to the guest (Richards and Wilson 2007). Its also noted that non-government organizations try to blame the travel and the tourism for abetting the issues related to child prostitution, even the tourism industry of Japan is working to combat this issue.5. Problem of employment- With the increase in the tourism industry, it ahs achieve the high respect and recognition, and its also trying to attract more with the fair share of the qualified people that are trying to seek to view the word and are trying to enjoy the sights that they exposed through the internet (Law and Au 1999). Its noted that evens the mobility enhances the internet web sites that permit the people to explore the work in various parts of the world (Law and Au 1999). There will be high demand for the people having the skills of language and the ability to work within various cultures.6. Issues of environment- Its noted that travel and tourism industry has received the message that through the strong ethics of environment is the heart of its survival in global market. Airlines, hotels, along with tour operators are trying to respond towards the calls of the industry in order to protect the viability for long term (Ward and Beal 2000). The main issues with travel and tourism will be the environmental affects that is created through the polluting the industries (Lathiras and Siriopoulos 1998). 4.2 Discuss the likely consequences of businesses failing to respond to market changes. Its true that tourism is the global leading activity of economy, and its also considered valuable in trade, but at the same time this activity is impacted through the risk factors, and this can even lead to failure of businesses (Swarbrooke and Horner 2004). The risk involved into it has result into the unreliability in the world of business. Businesses have failed due to the international events like political instability that has impacted the trade in negative way (Leon, Schiffman and Pearson 2007). People that move from one country into the other country as the tourist has become serious threat into the security of the world. Businesses have also failed due to increase in terrorism that maculated the tourist. This impact could be felt in such a way that it has become valuable source of income (Palmer, Montao and Ses 2006). Tourism business is also impacted through the health issues going in the country, which reduce the travel in the country and most of the people avoid visiting s uch places (Palmer, Montao and Ses 2006). Conclusion Tourism is considered as the international harp in the economy of the country. Through the ideas of tourism, experiences and culture are actually hared. Therefore, there is a requirement for improving the sectors through every way. Promotion of cooperation need to be encouraged through all ways for the purpose of increasing the tourist spending power and this can be done through conducting the continuous research. Its noted that there is a problem in the sector that need to be mitigated. The issues could be resolved through the process of decision making who have tried to knowledge the industry and through the procedural knowledge. The knowledge wealth could be actually derived through the lying experiences and through the developed knowledge by viewing the behavior of customers and through market competitors. Through the increase in changes in the environment still the tourism is trying to achieve the momentum. Its noted that people are moving fast in order to view the attraction of places before it get disappear. With the tourist interest to room around these places before it get change provides them with a reason about why the issues of contemporary in the needs of tourist should be considered. References Gregory, A. and Goodall, B. 1988. Tourist Images: Marketing Considerations. Marketing in the Tourist Industry. Beckenham, Kent: Croom Helm. Tom, B. and Hagen, L. 1999. Response to Seasonality: Experiences of Peripheral Destinations. International Journal of Tourism Research, 1, pp. 299-312. Alison, C. 2000. Developing Sustainable Tourism in the Trossachs, Scotland, Tourism and Sustainable Community Development. London: Routledge. Millie, C. 1997. Consuming Rural Japan: The Marketing of Tradition and nostalgia in the Japanese travel industry. Ethnology, 36(3), pp. 239-255. Graham, D. 1999. Theoretical Issues in Tourisms Future Development: Identifying the Agenda. Contemporary Issues in Tourism Development. London: Routledge. Brian, D. 2003. The Role of Quantitative and Qualitative Research in Industrial Studies of Tourism. International Journal of Tourism Research, 5, pp. 97-111. Brian, G. 1988. How Tourists Choose Their Holidays: An Analytical Framework; Marketing in the Tourist Industry. Beckenham, Kent: Croom Helm. Atsuko, H. 1999. Comparative Evolutionary Trends in Environmental Policy: Reflections on Tourism Development. International Journal of Tourism Research, 1, pp. 195-216. Salah, H. S. 2000. Determinants of Market Competitiveness in an Environmentally Sustainable Tourism Industry. Journal of Travel Research, 38, pp. 239-245. Lisa, H. 2000. Ethnic tourism in Hokkaido and the shaping of Ainu identity. Pacific Affairs, 73(3), pp. 393-412. Twan, H. 2003. Domestic Tourism Destination Choices- a Choice Modeling Analysis. International Journal of Tourism Research, 5, pp. 445-459. Alan, J. and Lickorish, L. 1988. Marketing Tourism. Harlow, Essex: Longman Group UK. John, K. 1996. Competing Hospitalities in Japanese Rural Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 23(1), pp. 165-180. Martinez, D.P. 1990. Tourism and the Ama: the Search for a Real Japan. Unwrapping Japan. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press, 97-1-pp. 116. Douglas, P. 1999. Introduction: Issues and Approaches. Contemporary Issues in Tourism Development. London: Routledge, pp. 1-12. Bruce, P. 2002. Building Visitor Attraction in Peripheral Areas- Can Uniqueness Overcome Isolation to Produce Vitality. International Journal of Tourism Research, 4, pp. 379-389. Pigram, J.J. and Jenkins, J. M. 2003. Outdoor Recreation Management. London: Routledge. Donald, R G. 2003. Tourism, Globalization and Development. Sterling, VA: Pluto Press. Reynolds, P.C. 1992. Impacts of Tourism on Indigenous Communities-the Australian Case. Progress in Tourism, Recreation and Hospitality Management. London: Belhaven Press. Smith, S. A. 2004. The Okinawa Research Initiative: Human Resource Development and Tourism in Island Societies. East-West Center. Michael, S. 1988. The Image of Destination Regions: Theoretical and Empirical Aspects. Marketing in the Tourist Industry. Beckenham, Kent: Croom Helm. Stephen, W. and Buhalis, D. 1999. Introduction: Challenges for Tourism in Peripheral Areas. International Journal of Tourism Research, 1, pp. 295-297. McKercher, B. and Du Cros, H. 2002. Cultural Tourism: The Partnership Between Tourism and Cultural Heritage Management. Haworth Press. Richards, G. and Raymond, C. 2000. Creative Tourism. ATLAS News, 23, pp. 16-20. Richards, G. and Wilson J. 2006. Developing creativity in tourist experiences: A solution to the serial reproduction of culture?, Tourism Management, 27, pp. 1408-1413. Richards, G. and Wilson, J. 2007. Tourism, creativity and development. London: Routledge Law, R., and Au, N. 1999. A neural network model to forecast Japanese demand for travel to Hong Kong. Tourism Management, 20, pp.8997 Law, R. 2001. The impact of the Asian financial crisis on Japanese demand for travel to Hong Kong: A study of various forecasting techniques. Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing, 10(2/3), pp. 47-65. Law, R., and Au, N. 1999. A neural network model to forecast Japanese demand for travel to Hong Kong. Tourism Management, 20, pp. 89-97. Law, R., Goh, C., and Pine, R. 2004. Modeling tourism demand: A decision rules based approach. Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing, 16(2/3), pp. 61-69. Stern, N. 2006. TheEconomicsof ClimateChange:TheSternReview. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press Gossling, S. and Hal, C.M. 2006. An introductiontotourism and global environmental change. Tourism and Global Environmental Change. London: Routledge. Scot , D. 2006. Climate change and sustainable tourism inthe 21stcentury, Tourism Research: Policy, Planning,and Prospects. Waterloo: Department of GeographyPublicationSeries, University of Waterloo. Becken, S. and Hay, J. 2007. Tourism and climatechangerisksand opportunities. Cleveland: Channel View Publications. Gossling, S. 2002. Global environmental consequencesof tourism. Global Environmental Change, 12 (4), pp. 283302. Amelung, B., Nichol, S. and Viner, D. 2007. Implicationsof global climate change fortourism flowsandseasonality. Journal of Travel Research, 45 (3), pp. 285296. Scot, D. 2006. Global environmental change and mountaintourism, Tourism and Global Environmental Change. London: Routledge. Leon, G., Schiffman, L. and Pearson, K. K. 2007. Consumer Behaviour. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Swarbrooke, J. and Horner, S. 2004. Consumer Behaviour in tourism. Butterworth Heinemann. Um, S., and Crompton, J. L. 1991. Development of Pleasure Travel Attitude Dimension. Annals of Tourism Research, 18(3), pp. 5004. World Tourism Organization. 1999. Changes in Leisure Time The Impact on Tourism. Spain: Madrid. Kulendran, N., and Witt, S. F. 2003. Forecasting the Demand for International Business Tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 41, pp. 26571. Lathiras, P., and Siriopoulos, C. 1998. The Demand for Tourism to Greece: A Cointegration Approach. Tourism Economics, 4(2), pp. 19185. Morrison, A. 1989. Hospitality and Travel Industry Marketing. New York: Delmar. Wang, C. H. 2004. Predicting tourism demand using fuzzy time series and hybrid grey theory. Tourism Management, 25, pp. 367-374. Ward, F. A., and Beal, D. 2000. Valuing nature with travel cost models. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Palmer, A., Montao, J. J., and Ses, A. 2006. Designing an artificial neural network for forecasting tourism time series. Tourism Management, 27, pp. 781-790. Papatheodorou, A. 2001. Why people travel to different places. Annals of Tourism Research 28(1), pp. 164-179. Rugg, D. 1973. The choice of journey destination: A theoretical and empirical analysis. Review of Economics and Statistics, 55(1), pp. 64-72.